SPECIFICATION FOR PILOT'S OPERATING HANDBOOK(8)
SECTION 1第一节
GENERAL
1.31 Symbols, Abbreviations and Terminology
符号、缩写和术语
Define symbols, abbreviations and terminology necessary for the clear understanding and precise use of the information presented in various sections of the Handbook. Definitions should emphasize operational significance when possible.
定义明确理解和准确使用手册各章节所述信息所需的符号、缩写和术语。定义应尽可能强调操作意义。
The following guidelines shall be applied:
应采用以下指南：
1.Define all abbreviations used or referred to in the Handbook.
定义手册中使用或提及的所有缩写。
2Define any special terminologies used in the Handbook with emphasis on those which could be misused or misunderstood.
定义手册中使用的任何特殊术语，重点是那些可能被误用或误解的术语。
3.Definitions should be worded as simply as possible and must conform with the use of the defined terms in the Handbook.
定义的措辞应尽可能简单，并且必须符合手册中定义的术语的使用。
4.Definitions shall be consistent with definitions contained in the Federal Aviation Regulations.
定义应与联邦航空法规中的定义一致。
(a)General Airspeed Terminology andSymbols
通用空速术语和符号
CAS
校准空速
Calibrated Airspeed means the indicated speed of an aircraft, corrected for position and instrument error. Calibrated airspeed is equal to the true airspeed in standard atmosphere at sea level.
修正空速是指根据位置和仪表误差修正后的飞机指示速度。修正空速等于海平面标准大气压中的真实空速。
KCAS
修正空速
Calibrated Airspeed expressed in "knots".
KCAS校准空速，单位为“节”。
GS
地速
Ground Speed is the speed of an airplane relative to the ground.
地面速度是飞机相对于地面的速度。
IAS
指示空速
Indicated Airspeed is the speed of an aircraft as shown in the airspeed indicator when corrected for instrument error. IAS values published in this Handbook assume zero instrument error．
IAS指示空速是指当修正仪表误差时，空速指示器上显示的飞机速度。本手册中公布的IAS值假定仪表误差为零。
KIAS
指示空速
Indicated Airspeed expressed in "knots".
以“节”表示的指示空速。
M
马赫数
Mach Number is the ratio of true airspeed to the speed of sound.
马赫数是真实空速与声速的比值。
TAS
真空速
True Airspeed is the airspeed of an airplane relative to undisturbed air which is the CAS corrected for altitude, temperature and compressibility
TAS真空速是飞机相对于未受干扰空气的空速，是根据高度、温度和压缩性校正的CAS。
VA
机动速度
Maneuvering Speed is the maximum speed at which application of full available aerodynamic control will not overstress the airplane.
机动速度是应用完全可用的空气动力学控制不会使飞机过度受力的最大速。
VFE
最大襟翼放出速度
Maximum Flap Extended Speed isthe highest speed prescribed with wing flaps in a prescribed extended position.
最大襟翼伸展速度是指襟翼处于指定伸展位置时规定的最高速度。
VLE
最大起落架伸出速度
Maximum landing Gear Extended Speed is the maximum speed at Which an aircraft can be safely flown with the landing gear extended.
最大起落架伸出速度是指飞机在起落架伸出时能够安全飞行的最大速度。
VLO
最大起落架操作速度
Maximum Landing Gear Operating Speed is the maximum speed at which the landing gear can be safely extended or retracted.
最大起落架运行速度是指起落架可以安全地伸展或缩回的最大速度。
VMCA
空中最小操作速度
Air Minimum Control Speed is the minimum flight speed at which the airplane is directionally and laterally controllable, determined in accordance with the Federal Aviation Regulations. Airplane certification conditions include one engine becoming inoperative and wind milling (or, in airplanes with auto feathering devices, feathered), not more than a 5°bank toward the operative engine, takeoff power on the operative engine, landing gear up, flaps in the takeoff position, and the most critical C.G.
空中最低控制速度是指根据联邦航空条例确定的飞机在方向和横向上可控的最低飞行速度。飞机认证条件包括一台发动机失效和风磨（或，在带有自动顺桨装置的飞机上，顺桨），朝向工作发动机不超过5°的倾斜，工作发动机的起飞功率，起落架上升，起飞位置的襟翼，以及最关键的重心。
VMO/MMO
最大操作限制速度/马赫数
Maximum Operating Limit Speed is the speed limit that may not be deliberately exceeded in normal flight operations. V is expressed in knots and M in Mach Number.
最大操作限制速度/马赫数是指在正常飞行中不得故意超过的速度限制。V用节表示，M用马赫数表示。
VNE/MNE
绝不许操作速度/马赫数
Never Exceed Speed or Mach Number is the speed limit that may not be exceeded at any time.
绝不许操作速度/马赫数是任何时候都不能超过的速度限制。
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