关于ICAO英语的一些愚见(针对level 4)
关于ICAO英语的一些愚见（针对level 4）准备ICAO英语考试时总结了不少，在此把总结的内容上传分享一下。手打难免错漏，请见谅，我只是一名刚毕业的飞行学员关于专业知识理解不到位之处还请帮忙纠正
考的是语言能力不需要很专业因为考官本身也不是专业的飞行员只要有一些关于飞行的普遍认知就好有一定的专业知识就好
做最充足的准备应对考试应该是得心应手的考试的听力比较清晰而且比平时自己训练的听力简单语速较慢并且没有BACKGROUND WHISTLE
这个是英语学习所以多听多说才是硬道理就应试而言多听录音 多听陆空通话就提高语言能力而言多看美剧多模仿多听英文歌 多开口说 纠正发音 语气 断句等
一） vocabulary (最后附有各个系统专业词汇)
对于一些比较常见专业单词词组的归纳
三个应答机特殊编码 ：编码自己查 不便说。从小到大分别是hijack , radio failure , distress conditions
PAN PAN和MAYDAY的区别：
PANPAN：need assistance timely urgency situation
MAYDAY：need assistance immediately distress situation
乘务员 flight/cabin attendant
驾驶舱职权梯度 cockpit authority gradient
机库 hangar
接通/断开自驾 engage/disengage AP
地形 terrain
人因 human factors
活物 牲畜 livestock
绕飞 detour
界面 交界处 interface
修改 modify amend
试车 engine runup
烂泥 slush
减速 妨碍 retard
积累 accumulation
湿度 humidity
降雨量 precipitation
气喘asthma
腹泻 diarrhea
调度 签派 dispatch
信号员 marshaller
开往 驶往 Bound for
放油 fuel dump jettison
预期anticipate
污染 contaminate
外形 configuration
致命的 fatal
分院 branch flight college
炸药 dynamite
手榴弹grenade
恢复 revert
IRS: inertial reference system 惯性基准系统
干预 interfere
配件 附件 accessory
气动的pneumatic
有形的 具体的 concrete
临界的 marginal
连续 touch and go
起落 Traffic circuit
补充 replenish
全停 full stop
物质 物品 substance
拉紧 绷紧 strain
踝关节ankle 肘部 elbow
对正跑道 align the runway
POB: people onboard
改装训练 transition training
劫机犯 hijacker
陆空对话 radiotelephony communication
前轮转弯机构 nose wheel steering
执行 execute
疏散 evacuation
机长的四条杠的含义： 1 flying skill 2 knowledge 3 profession 4 responsibility
提供饮食及服务 cater（主要在地面装载时会用到）
RNP----required navigation performance 所需导航性能
RDH----threshold height 跑道入口高度
二）几个主要系统组成及功用
1 LANDING GEAR SYSTEM
很多图是关于重着陆，事故以及事故症候的，事故大多数的情况都包含有起落架的一些情况，damaged，unable to extend, tires blow-out, smoke from main gear等情况，所以遇到这一类型的图就可以引申出对于LANDING GEAR SYSTEM的问题来考验对系统的认知。
Tricycle gear arrangement 前三点
shock strut 减震支柱 bumper减震器
Manual extension handles 人工放下起落架手柄
Nose wheel arrangement advantages:
1) it allows more forceful application of brakes for higher landing speed without nosing over.
2) it permits better visibility for the pilots during landing and taxing
3) it tends to prevent aircraft from ground-looping by moving the C.G forward of the main gear.
Landing gear safety devises :
1) Mechanical downlock----------to prevent accidental operation of the mechanical downlocks, electrically operated safety switches are installed.
2) Safety switches-----------------The torque links spread apart or move together as the shock strut piston extends or retracts in its cylinder.
3） Ground lock----------------one common type of a pin installed in aligned holes drilled in 2 or more units of the landing gear support structure.
2 HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
Units commonly operated by hydraulic system :
Landing gears , wing flaps , slats , speed and wheel brakes , nose wheel steering, Primary flight surfaces
hydraulic system components:
an engine driven pump , a filter , a reservoir , a pressure regulator , an accumulator , a pressure gauge , a relief valve , an emergency pump , two check valves , a selector valve , an actuating cylinder
operation：
the engine driven pump which is directly coupled to the engine will operate when the engine is running. The pump draws fluid from reservoir and expels to the system through the filter and a check valve and the pressure can be built up. the pressure regulator unloads or relieves the engine driven pump when the desired pressure in the system achieved . thus it’s often referred to as an unloading valve.In the event of malfunction of pressure regulator , the relief valve will release any pressure above that maintained by the regulator.
3 AIR CONDITIONING AND PRESSSURIZATION SYSTEM
The cabin air conditioning and pressurization system supplies conditioned air for heating and cooling the cockpit and cabin spaces. This air also provides pressurization to maintain a safe and comfortable cabin environment. Some of the air conditioning systems installed in modern aircraft utilize air turbine refrigerating units to supply cooled air. These are called air cycle system.
Function of air conditioning system:
To maintain a comfortable temperature within the fuselage. In a typical system the temperature is measured and compared to the desired setting of the temperature controls.
1 supply ventilation air
2 supply heated air
3 supply cooled air
Function of cabin pressure control system:
To provide cabin pressure regulation , pressure relief, vacuum relief, and the means of selecting the desired cabin altitude.
4 WINGTIP DEVICES-----------improve the efficiency of fixed-wing aircraft, intended effect id always to reduce the drag by altering the airflow near the wingtips.
5 APU-------AUXILIARY POWER UNIT
Function----- to provide power to start the main engines. Turbine engines must be accelerated to a high rotational speed in order to provide sufficient air compression for self-sustaining operation. Before engines are to be turned, the APU is started, generally by a battery or hydraulic accumulator. Once the APU is running, it provides power (electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic, depending on the design) to start the aircraft's main engines.
APUs fitted to ETOPS (Extended-range Twin-engine Operations) aircraft are a critical safety device, as they supply backup electricity and compressed air in place of the dead engine or failed main engine generator.
三）特勤处置
先说一下CRM-----COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
CRM 包括4部分
1：establish good communication with crew members , so that we can prevent and correct any mistakes.
2：take full advantage of the facilities onboard and the ground navaids.
3：operate the aircraft strictly according to the manual and SOPs.
4：comply with the aviation regulations.
关于EMERGENCY ，处置
stay calm ,maintain the right configuration and attitude.
the crew members should accomplish each other’s own duty, find the cause and do the right checklist , follow standard procedures.
report to ATC your location , situation onboard, and intention. Request landing priority if possible.
这里只是提供一个大致框架，具体特勤具体分析，如ENGINE FAILURE, BOMB ONBOARD,GEAR JAM等，具体的细节就只有自己去丰满。
关于SICK PASSENGER ONBOARD的处置：
have the cabin attendant to take first aid
inform the passengers to find if there’s doctor onboard so that we can ask for help
inform the ATC, request landing priority or divert to the nearest suitable airport, and request ambulance and doctors ready at landing我在考试的时候遇到关于SUFFER FROM HEART ATTACK的乘客
四）口试
OPI的前三部分只会涉及很少的专业问题，所以这三部分可以一起来看和准备。说的直白一点，这几部分就是和考官扯淡，但是扯淡要注意尺度，不要使劲扯，扯淡变成扯蛋会有一点痛的。这里部分会过渡到一些飞行相关的问题。分院，飞行经历，所飞机型，小时数，所遇特勤，职业特性，基本可以概括为一次完整的飞行过程。建议考前写一篇关于自己飞行的文章，涵盖以上一些信息。到时候遇到可以触类旁通，把你准备的说出来。同时也是做一个引导，引导考官就你的信息中挖掘问题，这样会比较占主动性。
E.G:
That choosing to be a pilot as my career makes me proud and makes my family proud. This is a noble job. Come on, think about it. Because of our works, a boy can meet his bonny lass, a father back from business trip can give his daughter a warm hug, businessmen can sign their contracts in time, and packages are delivered to your door on time. All these give me a feeling of success, a feeling of happiness. And besides, this is a job with good salary and comparatively high social status. I used to consider that it’s easy to be a pilot. You know, just like the unprofessional people thinks: pilots engage the AP after takeoff, then planned route, planned level, planned everything. All the pilots need to do is disengaging the AP when the aircraft comes to the short final, and make a perfect landing, taxi to the right gate. That’s all. It looks easy and seems that everybody can do that. But I’ve changed my mind after all the things I’ve been through in the GUANGHAN flight college where I actually learnt how to control and manage an aircraft and how to be a professional pilot. There’s a long way to go, and that takes time. The very first rule I learn is to be patient, always. And there is a “13-hours-checkride” which is set to check whether the student is skillful or talented enough to be a pilot. This is a cruel check for the students, and some are doomed to fail. I sweated my shirt and the headphone that day in the cockpit. But lucky me, I passed. This is the most precious treasure in my life that I wish I would never experience again.
附加：各个系统词汇
Air Conditioning System
PACK空调主件
HOT BLEED AIR热引气
OUTLET DUCT外流管
BYPASS VALVE旁通活门
RAM AIR 冲压空气
INLET SCOOP 进气口
TRIM AIR VALVE 调节空气
EXTRACTOR FAN排气风扇
GUARDED FLAP 有保护盖的导片
BLOWER 鼓风机
EXTRCTOR排风扇
OVERBOARD 机外
ONBOARD机上
OPEN-CIRCUIT开路
CLOSED-CIRCUIT闭路
CONFIGURATION 形态
PASSENGER LOAD乘客载荷
DOWNSTREAM下游
STANDING WATER积水
ATLN（ALTERNATE）备份C
HANNEL通道
PNEUMATIC气源
DUAL 双的
SWITCH OVER交换
PRE-COOLER预冷机
COOLANT冷却剂
AMBER琥珀色
VENTILATION通风
CIRCUIT BREAKER跳开关
PRESSURIZATION （增压）
FLAPPER VALVES 瓣状活门
PROFILE 剖面
TOGGLE 扳钮开关
VACUUM 真空
ISAO BARIC 等压
BAROMETRIC 气压
PRESSURE DIFFERENTIALS 压差
ANEROID SWITCH 膜盒气压
STBY （STANDBY）备份
DC DIRECT CURRENCY 直流电
DITCH 水上迫降
SUPERCHARGER 增压器
INADVERTENT 偶然的
LEAKAGE 漏、渗
APRON 停机坪
CEILING 顶板
ACCESSORY 副件
THROTTLE LEVER 油门杆
CRUISE 巡航
NEGATIVE RELIEF VALVE 负压释放活门
POSITIVE PRESSURE 正压
AIRPORT ELEVATION 机场标高
AUTOPILOT（自动驾驶）
MOMENTUM 动量
MIMICKING 模仿
GLARE-SHIELD 遮光板
Performance
ACTUATORS 制动器
SURVEILLANCE 监视
QUADRANT 油门操纵杆
FLEX（FLEXIBLE）灵活的
MCT（MAXIMUM CONTINUE THRUST） 最大连续推力
ELEVATORS 升降舵
AILERON 副翼
NAVAID 助航
SID（STANDARD INSTRUMENT DEPARTURE） 标准仪表离场
STAR（STANDARD TERMINAL ARRIVAL ROUTE）标准进场程序
MISSED APPROACH （GO AROUND） 复飞
DYNAMIC 动力的
AUGMENTATION 增加、增益
FLIGHT ENVELOPE 飞行包线
CDU（CONTOL DISPLAY UNIT）控制显示组件
FMA（FLIGHT MODE ANNUNCIATOR）飞行方式显示器
ADIRS（AIR DATA AND INERTIAL REFERENCE SYSTEM）大气数据及惯性基准系统
MCP（MODE CONTROL PANEL）方式控制面板
GPS（GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM）全球定位系统
FLARE 平飘
TOUCHDOWN 接地点
FLY-BY-WIRE 电传操纵
ACELEROMETER 加速器
ALIGNMENT 对准、校准
SERVOMOTOR 伺服马达
GYROSCOPE 陀螺
THRUST REDUCTION ALT 减推力高度
REVERSE 反推
ARM 预位
FPA（FLIGHT PATH ANGLE）飞行航径角
LOCALIZER 航向道
IDLE 慢车DETENT 卡位FPV（FLIGHT PATH VECTOR）飞行航径矢量
CRM（COCKPIT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT）驾驶舱资源管理
PF（PILOT-FLIGHT）把杆飞行员
PFD（PRIMARY FLIGHT DISPLAY）主飞行显示
PULLEY 滑轮
ROLL 滑跑
SCROLL 翻动、卷起
SLEW 上下选页
VELOCITY 速度
DATA BASE LOADER 数据库装载机
ALPHA/NUMERIC KEY BOARD 字母/数字键盘
DYNAMIC AND BACKGROUD DATA 动态和背景数据
TROPOPAUSE 对流层顶
ALIGNMENT 校准
EFOB（ESTIMATED FUEL ON BOARD） 预计机上燃油
ETA（ESTIMATED TIME OF ARRIVING）预计到达时间
ADC（AIR DATA COMPUTER）大气数据计算机
CRT（CATHODE RAY TUBE）阴极射线管
LSK（LINE SELECT KEY）行选键
TERMINAL AREA 终端区域
COORDINATE 经纬度
RNVA AREA NAVIGATION 区域导航
EN-ROUTE 在航路上
CFDS（CENTRALIZED FAULT DISPLAY SYSTEM）集中显示系统
VIBRATIONS 振动
IMPULSES 脉冲
CURVATURE 弯曲 曲度
TRANSCEIVER 无线电收发机
INTERPHONE 内话机
EVACUATION 疏散
KNOB 旋钮
BUZZER 蜂鸣声
FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEM
REJECTED T/O 中断起飞
CONVENTIONAL 通用的
WHEEL 驾驶盘
COLUMN 驾驶杆
PEDAL 脚蹬
SURFACE 舵面
RUDDER 方向舵
SPEED-BRAKE 减速板
FLAP 襟翼
STAB TRIM 调整片
OVERRIDE SWITCH 超控电门
AW DAMPER 偏航阻尼器
CENTERING MECHANISM 定中机械
SWEEP BACK 后掠
SPOILER 扰流板
JAM 卡阻
ROLL 滚转（横滚）
PITCH 俯仰
STABILIZER 安定面
YAW 偏航
YAW DAMPER RATE GYRO 偏航率陀螺仪
LONGITUDINAL AXIS 纵轴
VERTICAL AXIS 垂轴
LATERAL AXIS 横轴
ACTUATING CYLINDER 作动筒
AIRFOIL 翼部面
SECONDARY FLIGHT CONTROL 辅助飞行操纵
HIGH LIFT DEVICE 增升装置
TRAILING EDGE（TE）后缘
LEADING EDGE（LE）前缘
POWER TRANSFER UNIT（PTU）动力传输装置
STALL 失速
MANEUVER 机动飞行
INBOARD 内侧
OURBOARD 外侧
SLOTTED 开缝的
THREE SLOTTED FLAP 三开缝襟翼
DRAG 阻力
COMPARATOR 比较仪
ROLL RATE 滚转率
MIXER 混合器
DEFLECTION 偏转
AERODYNAMIC MEAN CHORD 平均空气动力弦
TORQUE 扭力
JACK 千斤顶
FIRE PROTECTION
OVERHEAT 超温
FIRE DETECTION 探火
FIRE DETECTION LOOP 探火环
FIRE ALERT 火警戒
FAULT MONITORING CIRCUIT 失效监控电路
WARNING BELL 火警铃
GROUND PROXIMITY 近地
ENGINE INDICATING AND CREW ALERTING SYSTEM （EICAS）发动机指示和机组警戒系统
ENGINE NACELLE 发动机舱
CARGO COMPARTMENT 货舱
MALFUNCTION 失效
SMOKE DETECTION 烟雾探测
LOCK DOWN 下锁
SHUTDOWN 关车
UNLOCK 开锁
TRIP 跳开关
THRUST REVERSER 反推
CARBON DIOXIDE（CO2）二氧化碳
TOXICITY 毒性
ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
GENERATE 发电
DISTRIBUTE 配电
ESSENTIAL POWER 重要设备电源
VOLTAGE 电压
PHASE 相
BUS 汇流条
TRANSＦＯＲＭER RECTIFIER UNIT（TRU）变压整流器
LIGHTING CIRCUIT 照明电路
EMERGENCY POWER 应急电源
STANDBY POWER 备用电源
ONBOARD 机载
STATIC INVERTER 静变流机
BATTERY 电瓶
FREQUENCY 电频
RAM AIR-DRIVER GENERATOR 冲压空气驱动发电机
ENGINE-DRIVEN GENERATOR 发动机驱动的发电机
BATTERY CHARGER 电瓶充电器
LOAD 载荷、电荷
TRIP OFF 跳开
CHARGE 充电
SERVICE BUS 勤务汇流条
SPLIT BUS 分裂汇流条
BUS TIE BREAKER （BTB）汇流条连接断路器
GENERATOR CONTROL UNIT（GCU）发动机控制组件
MONITOR 监控
DIVISION 分配
FUEL
INNER FUEL TANK 内侧燃油箱
INTEGRAL TANK 整体油箱
WING/FUSELAGE STRUCTURE 机翼/机身结构
WING TIP 翼尖
FUEL NOZZLE 燃油喷嘴
VENT SURGE TANK 通风（防震动）油箱
SPILLAGE 溢出
DIVERT 转向
GROSS WEIGHT （GW）全重
E/WD ENGINE AND WARNING DISPLAY 发动机警告指示
CROSS FEED VALVE 交输供油活门
CONDENSATION OF MOISTURE 水气凝结
SURGE TANK 通风油箱
HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
RESERVOIR 液压油箱、水库
FILTER 滤器、滤纸
ACCUMULATOR 储压器、储蓄器
EXPEL 排出、赶出
PISTON 活塞
CHARGE 释放、放出
WHEEL BRAKE 机轮刹车装置
NOSE WHEEL STEERING 前轮转向操纵
PRIMARY FLIGHT CONTROL SURFACE 主飞行操纵面
PRESSURE REGULATOR 调压器
EMERGENCY PUMP 应急泵CHECK VALVE 单向活门
SELECTOR VALVE 选择活门ACTUATING VALVE 卸荷活门
PREDETERMINED VALVE 预定值BALL VALVE 球形活门
RETURN LINE 回油管路
SPRAY 喷、向……喷射
PERFORATE 穿孔于
HERMAL ANTI-ICING SYSTEM 热防冰系统
WINDSHIELD 风挡
ENGINE COWL 发动机整流罩
STATIC PORT 静压口
BIRD-STRIKE 鸟击
AOA（THE ANGLE OF ATTTACK）迎角
TAT（TOTAL AIR TEMPERATURE）全温
SAT（STATIC AIR TEMPERATURE）静温
EIS（电子仪表系统）
ATTENTION GATTER 提醒灯
CHRONOGRAPH 记时器
ELAPSED TIME 已飞时间
PARAMETER 参数
CHECKLIST 检查单
DISPENSE WITH 省略
UN-CLUTTER 混乱
SIDE SLIP 侧滑
UTC（COORDINATED UNIVERSAL TIME）协调世界时
SCHEMATIC 图解形式
EADI 电子姿态指示器
EHSI 水平状态指示器
BEARING POINTER 方位指针
DECISION HEIGHT 决断高度
ADF（AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER） 自动定向机
INTERFACE 界面、接口
REFERENCE LINE 参考线
DFDR（DIGITAL FLIGHT DATA RECORDER）数字式飞行数据记录器
RAW DATA 原始数据AIDS 飞机集成数据系统
ECAM（ELECTRONIC CENTRALIZED AIRCRAFT MONITOR ）电子飞机集中监控
LANDING GEAR
GROUND LOOP 打地转
NOSE OVER 拿大顶
MARGIN 斜度
CHOCK 轮挡
BUNGEE CORD 弹簧索（减震支柱）
SHOCK ABSORBER 减震器、缓冲器
RUBBER BLOCK 橡皮块（减震器）
OIL-AIR STRUT 油气式减震支柱
TAILWHEEL GEAR 后三点式起落架
TRICYCLE GEAR 前三点式起落架
ANTISKID 防滑装置 SHOCK STRUT 减震支柱
NAVIGATION
DEW POINT 露点
NOISE ABATEMENT 减噪
VOR（VERY-HIGH-FREGUENCY OMINI-DIRECTIONAL RANGE）甚高频全向信标
VOR ORIENTATION VOR 定向、定位
THRESHOLD 跑道入
AIR DATA INERTIAL REFERENCE UNITS（ADIRU）大气数据惯性基准组件
DIGITAL DISTANCE AND RADIO MAGNETIC INDICATOR （DDRMI）数字距离无线电磁指示器
GPWS（GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM） 近地警告系统
ADF（AUTOMATIC DIRECTION FINDER）自动定向仪
DME（DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT）测距仪
PFV（FLIGHT PATH VECTOR）飞行航经引导
TCAS（TRAFFIC AND COLLISION AVOIDANCE SYSTEM）空中交通避撞系统
CAGING KNOB 锁定旋钮
AIR MISS 危险接近
APUAUXILIARY POWER UNIT辅助动力装置）
GAUGE 表
INDUCTION SYSTEM 进气系统
TRANSITION 过渡
FACILITY 设施
MSA（MINIMUM SAFE ALTITUDE）最低安全高度
PLAN VIEW 平面图
OUTBOUND 背台HOLDING 等待
MOCA 最低超障高度
MAP 复飞点
LDA 可用着陆距离
MLS 微波着陆系统
SDF 简易定向设施
PAR 初始进近雷达
MSL 平均海平面
TEARDROP PATTERN 修正角
HAT 高出接地点的高
HAA 高出机场的高
MEA 最小航路高
RVR 跑道视程
ROTATE 抬轮
STICK SHAKER 抖杆
OVERSHOOT 目测过高
译匠编辑，内容来源：爱游蓝天。仅供参考，欢迎小伙伴批评指正。
希望进一步进行航空英语学习，特别是希望增长航空知识的外语小伙伴以及希望提高英语并考取PEPEC证书的飞行员小伙伴，可以参加我们组织的民航英语考证和航空翻译实训课，考证或增长技能兼得哦~
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