飞机组成 Airplane Components

咏蘅誓唁

Although airplanes are designed for different kinds of purposes, the general components found on every airplane share the same characteristics. Most airplane structures mainly include fuselage, empennage, cockpit, landing gear and wing. This post will only focuses on fuselage and wings.
虽然飞机的设计用途各不相同，但每架飞机上的一般部件都具有相同的特点。大多数飞机的结构主要包括机身、尾翼、驾驶舱、起落架和机翼。本篇文章主要介绍机身与机翼。

机身 Fuselage
The fuselage is the main body section of an aircraft that holds crew and passengers or cargoes. In a single-engine aircraft it usually contains an engine, although in some amphibious aireraft the single engine is mounted on a pylon attached to the fuselage which in turn is used as a floating hull. The fuselage also serves to position control and stabilization surfaces in specifie relationships to lifting surfaces, required for aircraft stability and maneuverability. The fuselage is designed to be as small as possible for performance reasons yet spacious enough for comfort.
机身是飞机的主体部分，用于容纳机组人员、乘客或货物。在单引擎飞机中，机身通常包含一个发动机，但在某些水陆两栖飞机中，单个发动机安装在连接机身的塔架上，而塔架则用作浮动机身。机身还用于将控制面和稳定面与升力面保持特定的位置关系，以保证飞机的稳定性和机动性。出于性能考虑，机身设计得尽可能小，但又足够宽敞舒适。
The fuselage is the main body structure to which all other components are attached. The fuselage contains the cockpit or flight deck, passenger compartment and cargo compartment.
机身是主体结构，所有其他部件都连接在机身上。机身包括驾驶舱、乘客舱和货舱。
While wings produce most of the lift, the fuselage also produces a little. A bulky fuselage can also produce a lot of drag. For this reason, a fuselage is streamlined to decrease the drag. We usually think of a streamlined sports car as being sleek and compact-it does not present a bulky obstacle to the oncoming wind. A streamlined fuselage has the same attributes. It has a sharp or rounded nose with sleek, tapered body so that the air can flow smoothly around it.
机翼产生大部分升力，机身也产生少量升力。笨重的机身也会产生很大的阻力。因此，机身采用流线设计以减少阻力。我们通常认为，流线型跑车外形圆滑、紧凑，不会给迎面而来的风造成笨重的障碍。流线型机身也具有同样的特性。它有一个尖锐或圆润的机头，机身圆滑，呈锥形，这样空气就能在其周围顺畅地流动。
The fuselage is generally a long tube shape. The wheels of a plane are called the landing gear. There are two main wheels on either side of the plane fuselage. Then there is one more wheel near the front of the plane. The brakes for the wheels are similar to the brakes for cars.
机身一般呈长管形状。飞机的轮子称为起落架。飞机机身两侧有两个主轮。飞机前部附近还有一个轮子。机轮的制动器与汽车的制动器类似。
They are operated by pedals, one for each wheel. Most landing gear can be folded into the fuselage during the flight and opened for landing.
它们由踏板操作，每个轮子一个踏板。大多数起落架可在飞行过程中折叠到机身内，并在着陆时打开。


机翼 Wings

The wings are the most important lift-producing part of the aircraft. Wings vary in design depending on the aircraft type and its purpose. Most airplanes are designed so that the outer tips of the wings are higher than where the wings are attached to the fuselage. This upward angle is called the dihedral and helps keep the airplane from rolling unexpectedly during flight. Wings also carry the fuel for the airplane.
机翼是飞机最重要的升力产生部分。机翼的设计因飞机类型和用途而异。大多数飞机在设计时，机翼的外侧尖端都高于机翼与机身连接的位置。这种向上的角度称为上反角，有助于防止飞机在飞行过程中意外翻滚。机翼还为飞机储存燃料。


The wings are shaped with smooth surfaces. There is a curve to the wings which helps push the air over the top more quickly than it goes under the wing. As the wing moves, the air flowing over the top has farther to go and moves faster than the air underneath the wing. So the air pressure above the wing is less than that below it. This produces an upward lift. The shape of the wings determines how fast and high the plane can fly. Wings are called airfoils.
机翼的形状为光滑表面。机翼有一个弧度，这有助于将空气快速推向机翼上方而不是下方。当机翼移动时，流过机翼上方的空气比流过机翼下方的空气流向更远，速度更快。因此，机翼上方的气压小于机翼下方的气压。这就产生了向上的升力。机翼的形状决定了飞机飞行的速度和高度。机翼被称为翼面。


The wings are airfoils attached to each side of the fuselage and are the main lifting surfaces that support the airplane in flight. There are numerous wing designs, sizes, and shapes used by the various manufacturers. Each fulfills a certain need concerning the expected performance of the particular airplane. Wings may be attached at the top, middle, or lower portion of the fuselage. These designs are called high-, mid-, and low-wing, respectively. The number of wings can also vary. Airplanes with a single set of wings are called monoplanes, while those with two sets are called biplanes. Many high-wing airplanes have external braces, or wing struts, which transmit the flight and landing loads through the struts to the main fuselage structure. Since the wing struts are usually attached approximately halfway out on the wing, this type of wing structure is called a semi-cantilever. A few high-wing and most low-wing airplanes have a full cantilever wing designed to carry the loads without external struts.
机翼是连接在机身两侧的翼面，是支撑飞机飞行的主要升力面。不同制造商使用的机翼设计、尺寸和形状多种多样。每种设计都能满足特定飞机预期性能的某种需要。机翼可以安装在机身的顶部、中部或下部。这些设计分别称为高翼、中翼和低翼。机翼的数量也各不相同。只有一组机翼的飞机称为单翼机，而有两组机翼的飞机称为双翼机。许多高翼飞机都有外部支架或机翼支柱，通过支柱将飞行和着陆载荷传递到主机身结构。由于机翼支柱通常连接在机翼的大约一半处，因此这种机翼结构被称为半悬臂式。少数高翼飞机和大多数低翼飞机采用全悬臂机翼，设计用于在没有外部支柱的情况下承受载荷。


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