双语 | 被称为最后的白天鹅,她到底怎么样?(附376个飞机术语)

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升级后的首架图-160M轰炸机从生产车间转入到飞行试验基地之际，俄罗斯塔斯社制作了一期关于“白天鹅，飞向未来”的特别策划，其中曝光了俄制战略轰炸机图-160的发展历程和技术特性以及飞机改装改型工作中的一些细节。



（组装车间）图-160超音速战略远程轰炸机是军用航空中最大的超音速飞机，飞机为可变机翼，并且是世界上最重的战斗机，起飞重量最大的轰炸机。俄罗斯三位一体核装备的重要组成部分，俄罗斯飞行员中绰号“白天鹅”。
设计单位：

图波列夫设计局

生产商：

喀山格尔布诺夫航空制造厂

创造44项世界纪录



最长续航时间24小时24分钟

最大航程20000公里

首飞时间：1981年

首飞试飞员：鲍里斯韦列梅伊

1984年量产飞机首次试验

1985年试验时超越声速

1986年量产发动机HK-32，导弹型号X-55

1987年开始交付给远程航空作战部队

2005年普京签署总统令正式列装俄空军

北约绰号：Blackjack（海盗旗）

飞机可变后掠翼角20-65°，节油的同时可达到最佳速度和航程。

最大起飞重量275吨，约为5辆T-14阿克马特坦克。



最大速度2000km/h

4人机组

油箱容量148吨。
并且将俄罗斯的图-160和美国B-1B Lancer飞机在翼展、长度、高、发动机型号、航程等各方面进行对比。



改型后的图-160M飞机配装新型驾驶导航设备、机载通话系统、操纵系统和无线电系统，发动机为新型的02批次HK-32。俄国防部长绍伊古透露：首架新型的图-160M将在2021年交付部队。



video: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/mp/readtemplate?t=pages/video_player_tmpl&action=mpvideo&auto=0&vid=wxv_1099164421982699520

相关词汇：

стратегическая крылатая ракета

战略巡航导弹

тактическая крылатая ракета

战术巡航导弹

угол стреловидности

后掠角

аэродинамический гребень

导流片

трубное испытание

风洞试验

пилотажно-навигационный

комплекс 驾驶导航综合系统

任何人的成长都不是空穴来风
而是日积月累的努力换来的！



每一次转发和关注都是我们前进的动力

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赠一份俄语航空类术语

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飞机专业术语英汉对照

1、the airframe 机身,结构2、The front (fore) part 前部3、The rear (aft) part 后部4、port 左旋(舵)5、starboard 右旋(舵)6、the inboard engine or inboards 内侧发动机7、the outboard engine or outboards 外侧发动机8、the nose 机头9、the belly 腹部10、the skin 蒙皮11、the windscreen or windshield 风挡12、the wing 机翼13、the trailing edge 机翼后缘14、the leading edge 机翼前缘15、the wing tip 翼尖16、the control surface 操纵面17、ailerons 副翼18、flaps (inboard flap,outboard flap,leading edge flaps) 襟翼（内 侧襟翼，外侧襟翼，前缘缝翼）19、spoilers (inboardoutboard spoiler)(spoiler downup) 阻力板，扰流 板（内、外侧扰流板）（扰流板放下、打开）20、slats 缝翼21、elevators (elevator control tab) 升降舵（升降舵操纵片） 22、rudder (rudder control tab) 方向舵（方向舵操纵片）23、flap angle 襟翼角24、flap setting 襟翼调整25、the full flap position 全襟翼位置26、a flapless landing 无襟翼着陆27、the landing gear 起落架28、stabilizer 安定面29、the nose wheel 前轮30、gear locked 起落架锁定31、the wheel well 起落架舱32、the wheel door 起落架舱门33、a tyre 轮胎34、to burst 爆破35、a deflated tyre 放了气的轮胎36、a flat tyre 走了气的轮胎37、a puncture 轮胎被扎破38、to extend the flaps (to retract the flaps) 放下襟翼（收上襟翼）39、gear extention (gear retraction) 起落架放下（起落架收上） 40、The gear is jammed. 起落架被卡死。41、The flaps are jammed. 襟翼被卡死。42、the emergency extention system 应急放下系统43、to crank the gear down 摆动放下起落架44、the brakes 刹车45、disc brakes 刹车片46、an anti-skid device 防泄装置47、an arresting gear 制动装置48、thrust reversers 推力换向器49、The brakes are unreliable 刹车不可靠。50、Braking action is poor. 刹车状况不好。51、brake wear 刹车磨损52、to overheat 超温（过热）53、to bring the plane to a stop 使飞机停下54、the passenger cabin 客舱55、the floor 地板56、the ceiling 顶棚57、the galley 机上厨房58、the toilets 厕所59、the lounge 休息室60、the partitions 隔墙61、the interior fittings 机上用具62、oxygen mask 氧气面罩63、the cargo-hold 货舱64、a nacelle 引擎机舱65、a pod 发动机吊舱66、the air inlet or intake 进气道67、water ingestion 注水68、the fan blades 风扇叶片69、the LP and HP compressors 低压和高压压缩机70、the compressor blades 压缩机叶片71、the nozzles 喷管（嘴），排气管72、the exhaust section 排气部分73、thrust reversers 反推器74、the RPM (revolution per minute) 转 速（转每分）75、to set the engine to idle 慢车76、to give full throttle (or power) to the engine 全油门（风门）77、to throttle up the engine 加油门78、throttle down (or back) the engine 收油门79、vibration 振动80、to overheat 超温81、The engine is low on power. 马力小82、engine surge 发动机喘振83、engine shutdown 停车84、engine flame out 发动机熄火85、engine feathered 顺桨86、fuel system 燃油系统87、fuel tanks 油箱88、fuel lines 油路（管）89、fuel pump 油泵90、oil pressure indicators 滑油压力表91、oil temperature indicator 滑油温度表92、hydraulic system 液压系统93、air-conditioning system 空调系统94、cooling 冷却95、heating 加热96、the fans 吹风器97、pressurization 增压泵98、electrical system 电器系统99、a DC generator 直流发电机100、a AC generator 交流发电机101、flight control system 飞行操纵系统102、to dire 俯冲 103、to level off 拉平104、to stall 失速105、a slipping turn; a skidding turn 打地转106、belly landing 迫降107、force landing 强迫降落108、vortex generators 涡流产生器109、balance tab 平衡片110、control column 驾驶杆111、low range radio altimeter system 低高度无线电高度表系统 112、altitude alerting system 高度警戒系统113、height indicator 高度表114、radio altimeter 无线电高度表115、receiver transmitter No1 发动机一号116、Doppler navigation system 多卜勒导航系统117、Ground speed and drift indicator 地速和偏流显示器118、transponder receiver 应答机接收机119、transponder decoder 应答机译码器120、transponder encoder 应答机编码器121、transponder transmitter 应答机发射机122、transponder modulator 应答机调制器123、Reply mode A or B. 回答方式A或B。124、Altitude interrogation mode C 高度询问方式C。125、Identity interrogation mode B 识别询问方式B。126、code indicator 代码显示器127、transponder selector switch 应答机显示电门128、code selector switches 代码选择电门129、altitude reporting switch 高度报告电门130、mode switch 方式电门131、Identification button 识别按钮132、weather radar 气象雷达133、DME indicator 测距机指示机134、Loran receiver 罗兰接受机135、interphone system 内话系统136、passenger address system 广播系统137、HF communication systems 高频电讯系统138、UHF communication systems 甚高频通讯系统139、voice recorder system 录音机系统140、navigation system 导航系统141、Pilot’s Mach Airspeed Indicators 驾驶员的马赫空速表142、Vertical speed indicators 垂直空速表143、Flight director indicator 飞行指示仪144、Course deviation indicator 航道罗盘145、air speed indicator 空速表146、Automatic pilot 自动驾驶147、Anti-icing system 防冰系统148、throttle system 油门系统149、tachometer indicator 转速表150、Engine vibration indicator 发动机震动指示表151、Forward thrust reverser controls 前反推装置操纵152、Aft thrust reverser controls 后反推装置操纵153、engine oil system 发动机滑油系统154、Oil temperature indicator system 滑油温度指示系统155、Oil quantity indicating system 滑油油量指示系统156、oil pressure indicator 滑油压力表157、starting system 启动系统158、Emergency exit hatch 紧急出口窗159、Outward opening emergency exit hatch 外开式紧急出口门160、Door warning system 门警系统161、Landing gear control handle 起落架操纵手柄162、Control handle up, gear retracting door open. 操纵手柄向上，起 落架收上时舱门打开。163、Control handle up, gear up and locked, door closed. 操纵手柄向 上起落架收上并锁住舱门关闭。164、Landing gear warning horn 起落架警告喇叭165、Main (Nose) gear emergency extension system 主（前）起落架紧急 放下系统166、nose wheel steering control 前轮转弯操纵167、Nose wheel steering hydraulic system 前轮转弯液压系统168、Brake hydraulic system 液压刹车169、Pneumatic brake system 空气刹车系统170、Parking brake 停留刹车171、fuel receptacle 加油接头172、Pressure fueling station 压力加油仓口173、usable fuel 可用燃油174、main tank 主油箱175、reserve tank 副油箱176、fuel tank arrangement 燃油箱分布177、fuel boost pump 增压泵178、fuel quantity indicator 油量指示泵179、fuel tank filler cap assemblies 燃油箱加油口盖180、filler cap adapter 加油口盖接口181、drip stick 量油尺182、hydraulic system 液力系统183、Auxiliary hydraulic pump 副液力泵184、air condition system 空调系统185、main cabin air condition 主舱空调186、engine fire extinguishing system 发动机灭火系统187、fire extinguisher bottle 灭火机188、fire detection system 火 警探测系统189、pitot tube anti-icing 空速管防冰190、control cabin window anti-icing system 驾驶舱风挡防冰系统 191、De-icing system (De-icer) 除冰系统（除冰器）192、window panes pilot’s (captain’s) 正驾驶风挡玻璃193、window heat control unit 风挡加温控制器194、windshied wiper system 风挡括水系统195、captain’s windshield wiper 正驾驶风挡括水196、wing anti-icing 机翼防冰197、autopilot 自动驾驶198、external power receptacle 外部电源插座199、forward toilet drain (Aft toilet drain) 前厕所泄放口（后厕所泄 放口）200、Pneumatic ground service air connection 地面空气充气接头 201、Water system filler 加水口202、Conditioned air ground system connection 空调系统地面接头 203、control system 操纵系统204、elevator shaking 升降舵松动205、Aileron response sluggish. 副翼反应迟钝。206、Aircraft rolling right and left. 飞机左右摇摆。207、Cockpit wind shield broken. 驾驶舱挡风玻璃破裂。208、rate of climb indicator 升降速率表209、elevator trim indicator 升降舵调整片指示表210、gyro horizon 陀螺地平仪211、Hydraulic pump failure. 液压泵失效。212、electric pump 电动泵213、turbo pump 涡轮泵214、auxiliary pump 辅助泵215、nose taxi lamp 前滑行灯216、right navigation lamp 右航行灯217、Anti-collision lights (flashing beacon) 防撞灯（闪光灯） 218、weather rad scanner antenna 雷达扫描天线219、antenna tilt control 天线俯仰控制220、May we go on board to see your cockpit? 我们上飞机看看驾驶舱好 吗？221、May we go on board to visit your aircraft? 我们上飞机参观一下 好吗？222、We want to know some data (performance) of this kind ofaircraft, such as: 我们相了解这种飞机的一些数据，比如：223、wing span 翼展224、length overall 全长225、height overall 全高226、wheel track (undercarriage track) 主轮距227、wheel base 前后轮距228、the minimum of the steering (turning) radius (minimum ground turning radius) 最小转弯半径（地面最小转弯半径）229、the height of the cabin door (passenger door’s height tosill) 客舱门离地高度230、the size of the cabin door (passenger door’s height and width) 客舱门尺寸231、maximum ramp weight 最大滑行重量232、basic operating weight 基本重量233、maximum take-off weight 最大起飞重量234、maximum landing weight 最大着陆重量235、maximum zero-fuel weight empty 最大无油重量236、maximum payload 最大业载237、fuel load (reserve fuel \residual fuel) 载油量（备份油量、剩余 油量）238、the total weight of fuel, fuel consumption and endurance 总燃 油量耗油量与续航时间239、maximum level speed 最大平飞速度240、maximum cruising speed 最大巡航速度241、economical cruising speed 经济巡航速度242、long-range cruising speed 远程巡航速度243、stalling speed (flaps down,up\at maximum landing weight\at sea level) 失速速度（襟翼放下或收上，以最大着陆重量，在海平面）244、never-exceed speed extreme speed 极限速度245、service ceiling (practical ceiling\operating ceiling) 实用升限 （使用升限）246、take-off run 起飞滑跑长度247、landing run 着陆滑跑长度248、 take-off distance 起飞距离（使用场地长度）249、landing distance 着陆距 离（使用场地长度）250、the maximum and normal rate of climb and descending 最大与正常 上升、下降率251、the maximum routing (range) 最大航程252、the number of passenger seats 旅客座位数目253、the maximum take-off power 最大起飞功率（推力）254、the maximum except take-off power 额定功率255、surplus power 剩余功率256、take-off characteristics 起飞性能257、radius of action 活动半径258、aerodrome practice (test flight\trial race) 本场飞行训练（试飞、试航）259、ground roop 打地转260、nose over 拿大顶261、crash onto runway 摔毁在跑道上262、drift off the R/W (running off the edge of the R/W) （侧风影响 ）偏离跑道 （飞机偏出轨道）263、short of R/W (undershoot run) 场外接地（提前接地）264、over run the R/W (run off\out of the R/W) 冲出跑道（滑跑冲出跑 道）265、sideslip landing 带侧滑着陆266、single engine landing (two-engine landing) 单发着陆（双发着陆 ）267、belly landing (All-gear-up landing) 机腹着陆268、crash landing 摔机着陆（尤指机腹着陆）269、emergency landing 紧急着陆270、forced landing (distress landing) 强迫着陆271、abnormal landing 不正常着陆272、cross wind landing 侧风着陆273、down wind landing (upwind landing) 顺风着陆（顶风着陆）274、tail-wind landing (head-wind landing) 顺风着陆（顶风着陆）275、heavy-weight landing 大载重着陆276、high-speed landing 大速度着陆277、short landing 短距滑跑着陆 或是目测低的着陆278、short-field landing (short approach) 短跑道着陆（小航线进场着 陆）279、one-wheel landing 单轮着陆280、off-field landing (outside landing) 场外着陆281、touch and go landing (follow through take-off) 连续起飞282、full-stop landing 全跑道着陆（滑跑到全停的着陆）283、taxi- back landing 滑回的着陆（着陆后滑回起飞线，区别于连续起飞着陆）284、abandon the take-off (abort the take-off) 中断起飞285、abandoned (aborted\refused\rejected) take-off 中断的起飞 286、reject the take-off 停止起飞287、all-engine (power units) operating take-off 全发起飞288、engine cut out take-off 单发停车起飞289、cross wind take-off 侧风起飞290、down wind take-off 顶风起飞291、up wind take-off 逆风起飞292、full-flap take-off (flapless take-off) 全襟翼起飞（不放襟翼起 飞）293、full throttle take-off 全油门起飞294、full power take-off 全推力（最大功率）起飞295、rolling (running) take-off 直接起飞（不在跑道 头停留的起飞）296、spot take-off 定点起飞297、minimum interval take-off 保持最小 间隙起飞298、maximum-performance take-off (short field take-off) 最大性能起 飞（指滑跑距离最短的起飞、短距起飞）299、marginal take-off 安全边缘起飞（没有足够安全保证的起飞） 300、full-gross-weight take-off 最大起飞重量起飞301、full-loaded take-off 满载起飞302、heavy weight take-off 重载起飞303、high gross weight take-off 重载起飞，大起飞重量起飞304、overload take-off 超载起飞305、flight (flying) trim 飞行配平306、A/C trim 飞机配平307、automatic trim 自动配平308、level flight (horizontal flight) 平飞309、level turning 平飞转弯310、shallow (smooth\wide\gentle) turn bank 小坡度转弯（坡度小于25 度）311、medium turn bank 中坡度转弯（坡度25-45度）312、steep (sharp) turn back 大坡度转弯（坡度45-70度）313、normal turn 标准转弯，正常转弯（转弯角速度为3度/秒，坡度约为15 度）314、turning point (bank\time) 转弯点（坡度、时间）315、pivoting turn 原地转弯（指飞机在地面上）316、taxiing turn 滑 行转弯317、cross wind turn 一转弯318、down wind turn 二转弯319、turn to base (turning base) 三转弯320、turn to final (turning final\final turn) 四转弯321、base turn 三四转弯（连续做三四转弯）322、approach end of the runway 跑道进入着陆端323、down wind end of the runway 跑道顺风端324、departure end of the runway 跑道起飞离地端325、upwind end of the runway 跑道逆风端326、take-off end of the runway 跑道起飞端327、touch down end of the runway 跑道着陆接地端328、rollout (stop) end of the runway 着陆跑道停止端329、accident 事故330、grade of accident 事故等级331、serious accident\catastrophe\fatal accident\disastrous accident 一等事故；机毁人亡事故332、accident 二等事故333、break down minor accident 三等事故；一般事故334、accident report 事故报告335、air accident investigation 飞行事故调查336、field investigation 野外调查、事故现场调查337、on-the-spot investigation 事故现场调查338、accident data recorder 飞行事故记录器339、crash recorder 事故 记录器340、accident data recorder (tape) 飞行事故记录器（记录带） 341、crash-protected recorder 能防毁的飞行记录器342、stainless steel tape flight recorder 不锈钢带飞行记录器343、cockpit recorder 驾驶舱内记录器344、cockpit voice recorder 驾 驶舱内录音机345、tower tape 塔台录音磁带346、transfer recording 复制录音347、TV recording 电视录象348、video tape recorder 磁带录象机349、video recording 录象350、video tape recording 磁带录象351、air (avition) accident\flight (flying) accident 飞行事故、空中 失事352、avoidable accident (preventable accident) 可避免的事故（可防止 的事故）353、collision accident (mid-air collision accident\air-to-air collision) 空中相撞事故354、near-miss (near collision) 危险接近355、potential accident （飞行）事故征候356、human error accident 操作错误事故（人为事故）357、pilot-caused accident (pilot factor accident\pilot error accident) 飞行员责任事故（驾驶错误事故）358、domestic operation accident international operation accident 国内航线飞行事故（国际航线飞行事故）359、gear accident (gear-up landing accident) 起落架故障飞行事故（ 未放起落架着陆事故）360、gear retraction accident （地面）收起落架事故361、gross overload accident 超载事故362、high-ground-hitting accident (collide with high ground\crash into high ground) 与高地相撞事故（撞在高地上毁坏）363、aircraft-mountain collision 飞机撞山364、ground accident 地面事故365、taxi accident (taxi collision accident) 滑行事故（滑行相撞事故 ）366、head-on collision accident （空中）对头相撞367、take-off accident 起飞事故368、turbulence accident 尾流事故369、landing accident 着陆事故370、stalling (stall out) accident 失速事故371、survival (survivable) accident 人员幸存事故372、unexplained accident 原因不明的飞行事故373、accident-free 无事故的374、explosive accident （空中）爆炸事故375、material failure accident 设备故障飞行事故376、man-made accident 人为的事故陆空对话：Part 1: (Time to pushback)A: Cockpit to ground; Note: A-Cockpit B-GroundB: Go ahead;A: Please confirm all the gear down lock-pin removed;B: Ground confirm all the gear pin-pin removed;A: Request to pressure the hydraulic;B: Clear to pressure hydraulic.A: Now we could push-back ,and start run-way XXX;B: Ground copy,and please confirm parking brake released;A: Parking brake released, time 27;B: Ground copy;A: Hello ground, please advise if we could start the engine;B: Ok ! standby please ………B: Captain: clear to start engine now;A: Roger ! clear to start, now starting engine 2B: Ok! Engine no.2B: Ground confirm engine no.2 fan blade is turning;A: Thank you;A: Engine 2 normal start ,now starting engine no.1;B: Ok! Engine no.1B: Ground confirm engine no.1 fan blade is turning;A: Thank you!A: Cockpit to ground;B: Go ahead;A1: Now we have both engine normal start, you could disconnect and hand-signal at right-hand side, have a good day , thank you , bye-bye!A2: engine good start, clear to disconnect, thank you , bye-bye!A3: Engine start normal, you may disconnect, bye-bye!B: Bypass pin and tow-bar disconnected, and hand-signal at your left(right) side,bye-bye.Part 2: (Aircraft Arrival)A: good morning captain; Note: B-Cockpit A-GroundB: go ahead;A: Chock-in , you could release the parking brake now;B1: Roger! Now parking brake released, fuel remaining 12 decimal 5, time 21, no squawk;B2: Parking brake released, fuel remaining 12 thousand and 5 hundreds pound, airplane is good;B3: Ground: we have APU problem, please provide GPU and air-con, and later we will use the jet-starter to start the engine;A1: Ground copy, thank you! - -The becon light is still on, please turn it off;The strobe light on wing tip is still on, please turn it off; The taxing light on nose gear is still on, please turn it off; The strobe light on wing tip is still on, please turn it off; 2: Copy that , thank you !A3: Captain, the external power is available, please check the frequency; We have supplied the jet-start air, please check the duct pressure .Part 3: (Aircraft Departure)A: Cockpit to ground; Note: A-Cockpit B-Ground B: Go ahead;A: Now we notify the after cargo door (bulk door) is still open, how long could we finish the loading?B1: In 1 minute! The door is closing now;B2: Yes, we need to open the door to off-load (on-load) 2 baggages; B3: Because the FMC (belt loader) has problem at the doorway, we can’t close the door with equipment there, we had ask GSE stuff to fix it. I will inform you if it is done.
（来源：民航中国网）